Changing Organizational Practices Of Contemporary Companies

In considering the diverse and ever-changing organizational practices of contemporary companies, our group proposes to do research on the study of identity and difference in the workplace. Specifically, how identities, sense of self, and differences ultimately affect the choices that organizational members make when accepting, negotiating, and resisting domination in the workplace (May et al., 2005). In our research, we hope to discuss alternatives to dominant narratives, while at the same time not completely dissolving them. We agree that identity can be a person s best asset in today s workplace. A person’s unique sense of self has become more and more apparent and applicable in today’s organizational life. The idea that there†¦show more content†¦Due to this shift in workplace ideology, we believe more research is needed for identity regulation, identity as a fixed aspect of self, the idea that organizations, themselves, have identities, and how our changing social text influence and manipulate our identity in today’s work environment. We will discuss how organizations who have a strong set of shared values can utilize their employee s identity and difference by providing organizational protocols as well as individual guidelines to build the most productive and sincere worker. Our future study proposal would analyze how an organization might function while allowing its member’s identity to have a more relevant role in the workplace. Our paper will ask, how does identity regulation ethically work to articulate and discuss the differences among organizational members? Specifically, when one particular and privileged social construct of normalcy comes to dominate over other equally plausible alternatives (Mumby, 1987). Following this, we will discuss ways that organizational members actively respond to their organizational positioning by discussing the identities that have been largely defined for them by organizational discourse. Alvesson Willmott (2002) refer to this process as identity work. In working thro ugh Mats Alvesson’s seven sense-making devices or â€Å"images,† as well as potentially providing more examples, we hope to gain some perspective on how members respond to their organization’s

Does Economic Wealth Mean Happiness Essay - 1348 Words

The British philosopher David Hume said: â€Å" The great goal of all human endeavor is to achieve happiness.† Happiness is an ultimate goal of life and virtually everybody wants to be happy. Happiness is a psychological state of mind that the feelings of pleasure. Happiness is, after all, a state of mind. Happiness can be achieved by following measures including: psychological well-being, education system, living standards, government governance and politics, social position, and ecological environment wellness (Mankiw Taylor, 2011, p. 8). Economic wealth is the net worth of firms, households, or nations, which are the value of all assets owned net of all liabilities owed at a period (Anderton, 2008, p. 203). It can be clearly seen that†¦show more content†¦Additionally, Mankiw and Taylor, (2011) argues that countries with high economic wealth have better well-being, for example, the United Kingdom, the United States, Germany, and Japan. There is less than a quarter percent illiteracy in countries with high economic wealth because of high-education system. Disposable income increases consumption, it including shopping, traveling, and several other entertainment activities. Mankiw and Taylor (2011) also state the challenges faced by countries with low economic wealth. Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Nigeria have 50 percent literacy rates because respondents cannot afford high tuition fees for training and education. Then, high unemployment may creates high rate of crime in countries with low GDP. Thus, result as exacerbated pressure and unhappiness. In addition, a country with low revenue and expense per person has fewer televisions, cell phones and other advanced devices, and less high-quality drinking water. Unfortunately, 78% of respondents in low economic wealth countries have low life expectancy, higher percentage of infant and maternal mortality; In the other words, the exponential increase in economic wealth per person will actually lead to su bstantial gains in happiness. According to Begley (2007), when demand outstrips economic wealth someone with ï ¿ ¡30 can decide between peanut butter and steak for dinner, yet someone with ï ¿ ¡2 had better hope they already have a jar of jelly. As expectationShow MoreRelatedThe Age Of Enlightenment By Voltaire And Economist Adam Smith844 Words   |  4 Pagesconsider the ideas of natural rights and separation of powers in democracies of the highest order of importance, the economic theories developed by the leading thinkers of the era pervade daily life in all societies. 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Three studies were examined in depth to provide an answer to this question. This paper found that people believed that they would be happier if they were richer. It was also found thatRead MoreAristotles Theory of the Good Life968 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to Aristotle, the good life is the happy life, as he believes happiness is an end in itself. In the Nichomachean Ethics, Aristotle develops a theory of the good life, also known as eudaimonia, for humans. Eudaimonia is perhaps best translated as flourishing or living well and doing well. Therefore, when Aristotle addresses the good life as the happy life, he does not mean that the good life is simply one of feeling happy or amused. Rather, the good life for a person is the active lifeRead MoreTheme Of Wealth In Pride And Prejudice870 Words   |  4 PagesAttaining wealth brings with it many benefits. Certainly, wealth allo ws a person to buy more items and live a certain lifestyle. However, sometimes wealth comes at a cost—wealth can also blind a person to what is truly important in life and can lead a person to make choices that are actually harmful.    In the novel, Pride and Prejudice, by Jane Austen, the author explores the concept of wealth as a means of examining how individuals can lose sight of importance. Wealth to Charlotte Lucas hasRead MoreIndustrialization in the Modern World1357 Words   |  6 Pagesoccurred in Europe, America and parts of Asia, economic growth has been the major focus point of most governments. This quest arose because of the desire for higher economic status and political power. However, during this pursuit the subject of personal wellbeing and happiness came about. According to the PEW global survey (as cited in Stokes 2007), it has been noted that, an increase in personal well being has a direct relationship with an increase in economic growth. In other words, people in countriesRead MoreThe Limitations of GDP as a Measure of Well Being878 Words   |  4 PagesThe Limitations of GDP as a Measure of Well Being A primary aim of governments economic policy includes economic development and management. The presence of a growing economy is perceived as a positive characteristic; with increasing gross domestic product (GDP) being interpreted as positive sign of social well being (van den Bergh, 2008). Countries with a high GDP have higher taxes paid to government, who may use those taxes to provide public services such as education and health, which in turnRead MoreHow Should Wealth Be Defined?1419 Words   |  6 PagesHow Should Wealth Be Defined? Who do you consider wealthy? If you’re like most people, you would probably name the most famous billionaire you can think of. That would be a very natural reaction for most Americans. Largely due to our nation’s history, most U. S. citizens associate the word, wealthy, with having lots of money. In fact, the word, wealth, has become almost synonymous with the word, money, in recent decades. But can that passive assumption be considered accurate? The American HeritageRead MoreThe Idealistic Values That Fueled The Violent And Bloody French Revolution Essay1456 Words   |  6 Pagesunhappiness with their social structure and the insatiable desire for a higher social standing. Yet instead of seeking such lofty ideals as liberty and equality, they sought tangible wealth. By dehumanizing and demeaning her husband in order to achieve a faà §ade of wealth, yet ultimately achieving nothing but a loss of social and economic status, Mathilde Loisel embodies the superficial mind set that Maupassant vilifies. Depicting Mathilde as a shallow woman who loses everything—while mindlessly striving to have

Financial Support Letter Example Free Essays

The following is provided on behalf of (name) to support his petition to be considered an independent student. In January of 2012 1 became aware of (name) intention to attend school at The College of the Siskiyous in Weed, California. I also became aware of an unfortunate diminishing relationship between him and his parents and the impending affects that that relationship has and will continue to have on his efforts to pursue a college degree. We will write a custom essay sample on Financial Support Letter Example or any similar topic only for you Order Now As a former teacher at Meade High School, where (name) graduated, I had the distinct pleasure of meeting this very poised young man. I believe he has turned his ife around and is determined to succeed both as a father and as a student. Our relationship grew to where he trusted me. I have received many calls where he talked about the struggles of being abandoned by his parents and left to survive on his own. I have continued to provide counsel and guidance on the importance and value of staying the course. I applaud his courage attend a college, particularly one that is located across country from his hometown. While I know that he has been quite resourceful in obtaining the necessary financial support to meet his needs, this does not negate the fact that this s truly a young man who is struggling – and one with no assurance that money will be available to support his educational needs. (name) is an excellent athlete and quite capable of achieving excellence in the classroom. Like everyone else, he deserves an opportunity to get a decent education. I believe we live in a society where â€Å"no child should be left behind,† particularly when it comes to education. Accordingly, I strongly believe that this child should no longer be left to fend for himself. Therefore, I strongly recommend that he be supported financially, to the greatest extent possible, in the furtherance of his education. How to cite Financial Support Letter Example, Papers

The Products and Services of Starbucks free essay sample

What Starbucks stands for is not just a good cup of coffee but also the passion it pours into its product quality and its service. According to (SWOT Analysis Starbucks Strength2000), Starbucks has made a profit in excess, beside that, Reputation of Starbucks has built up mainly due to the quality of products and services. Its brand image itself is made through his main product, which. All different coffee variations are part of their product portfolio. The major priority is the consistency of the product taste and quality assurance. Referring to (SWOT Analysis Starbucks Weaknesses 2000) With the constant threat of emerging competitors on the market, it has been mostly a must for him to diversify his product. The eagerness to meet the demand versus culture of the different market demand, the stores had given birth to the customizing and adaptation of seasonal products like: Hot and beverages Coffee-related accessories and equipments Complementary food items Teas Non-food products – coffee mugs Its unique experience is based on the customer- driven marketing strategy which is to understand the strategic importance of segmenting his target market, differentiating his products hence protecting their current customers from deserting to competitors Services Communication, it binds everything together. We will write a custom essay sample on The Products and Services of Starbucks or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Starting from foundation to roof of the TQM (total Quality Management) process, everything is bound by strong mortar of communication. Somehow Starbucks gets it done through its â€Å"Five Ways of Being† A) Be Welcoming Such a culture had created â€Å"The third Place† atmosphere in all the stores with the aim at reaching the human inner soul of the customer. Hence creating a positive encounter for consumer who will return over and again B) Be Genuine Though blending the same coffee at the same time, it has made it a point to ensure that the customer experience is not disturbed. He gives lots of emphasis on the quality of coffee being offered in his stores. C) Be Considerate The Starbucks loyalty card had been implemented to give great benefits to its customers, ranging from syrup to milk on their drinks free of charge To top on, even a Starbucks Card or the Duetto Visa card had been created. Such a card is bound to provide the feeling of belongings to Starbucks D) Be Knowledgeable Personalised service is now offered in the stores of Starbucks. It is Vital for the customer’s satisfaction to ensure loyalty through the two ways of communication process whether while personalizing services including personal greeting, flexible changes to drink and even memorizing the favourite order to each regular customer. This point clearly demarks Starbucks acknowledgement of creating relationship and having personal bonds with their clientele E) Be Involved Together with the market research for the luxury of Coffee, Starbucks also think about the accessibility of his beloved customer to his store in process of any opening of new store. It makes it a must to see to it that everyone can drop in at any time without facing any problem like traffic jam

African Proverbs and Proverbial Wisdom

African Proverbs and Proverbial Wisdom When you think of Africa, do you think of dense forests and colorful costumes? A continent as culturally vibrant as Africa would also abound in age-old wisdom, dont you think? Many African countries rely on nature for livelihood; they have developed a unique insight into natures laws. Read African proverbs to understand the profundities of nature. These African proverbs have been translated from various African languages: Swahili, Zulu, and Yoruba. African Proverbs Translated From Swahili to English A chickens prayer doesnt affect a hawk.The way a donkey expresses gratitude is by giving someone a bunch of kicks.An envious person requires no reason to practice envy.Its always good to save or invest for the future.Hurry- haste has no blessing.The water pot presses upon the small circular pad.Effort will not counter faith.The hen with baby chicks doesnt swallow the worm.When elephants fight, the grass gets hurt.I pointed out to you the stars and all you saw was the tip of my finger.It is only a male elephant that can save another one from a pit.A deaf ear is followed by death and an ear that listens is followed by blessings. African Proverbs Translated From Yoruba to English He who throws a stone in the market will hit his relative.A person who stammers would eventually say father.One takes care of ones own: when a bachelor roasts yam, he shares it with his sheep.When a kings palace burns down, the re-built palace is more beautiful.A child lacks wisdom, and some say that what is important is that the child does not die; what kills more surely than lack of wisdom?You are given some stew and you add water, you must be wiser than the cook.One does not enter into the water and then run from the cold.One does not fight to save another persons head only to have a kite carry ones own away.One does not use a sword to kill a snail.One gets bitten by a snake only once.Whoever sees mucus in the nose of the king is the one who cleans it. African Proverbs Translated From Zulu to English No sun sets without its histories.A tree is known by its fruit.The groin pains in sympathy with the sore.You are sharp on one side like a knife.The wrong-headed fool, who refuses counsel, will come to grief.The lead cow (the one in front) gets whipped the most.Go and you will find a stone in the road that you cant get over or pass.Hope does not kill; I shall live and get what I want one day.

Should You Get SAT Question and Answer Service for Score Verification

Should You Get SAT Question and Answer Service for Score Verification SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Do you want to use the results of your first SAT to study for your second attempt? Are you interested in seeing exactly how your SAT scores turned out the way they did? Do you love the SAT so much that you want to order 1600 copies of your test and dive into the pile of booklets like a much nerdier Scrooge McDuck (disclaimer: you can't actually do this)? Good news! The College Board provides the Student Answer Service and Question-and-Answer Service for the SAT to allow you to review your results in more detail after the test. In this article I’ll go through how these services work, why you might use them, and how to order them. What Are the Student Answer Service and the Question-and-Answer Service? They are two slightly different ways to review your scores in more detail after you take the SAT. The Question-and-Answer Service is basically a full disclosure guide to your scores. It includes: A booklet copy of the test that you took, including all the original questions. A table of correct answers and scoring information for the questions. A comprehensive report that lists the question type and level of difficulty for each test question. This report also shows your answers and whether you answered correctly, incorrectly, or omitted the question. The QAS is available if you took the SAT in October, March, or May in the United States or Canada. For testers in other countries it is only available for May test dates.It costs $18 to order. If QAS isn’t available, you can always order the Student Answer Service, which includes: Information on the types of questions on your test. The level of difficulty for each question and whether your answer was correct, incorrect, or omitted. The Student Answer Service is essentially a pared down version of the Question-and-Answer Service. It won't include your test booklet, so it doesn't allow you to review the questions in their original forms. Basically, the College Board only wants to release official exams when it's ready to retire the entire exam. (You can read about how the College Board reuses questions, leading to cheating, here). The SAS costs $13.50 to order, and you better believe it's $13.50 of the SAS(S)iest review materials you'll ever see. Unfortunately, you don’t have the option to choose between these two services. One or the other will be available exclusively based on when and where you took the test. Here’s a chart from the order form that makes it easy to figure out: Reasons to Order the Student Answer Service or Question-and-Answer Service The Student Answer Service and Question-and-Answer Service are useful and low-cost tools for reviewing your scores. Here are a few reasons why you should consider ordering whichever one is available to you: #1: To Figure Out Why You Got the Score You Did QAS gives you your entire test booklet, so you can review your answers and see exactly where your mistakes happened.You will know which question types tripped you up the most and their difficulty levels. #2: To Use as Review Material for the Next Time You Take the SAT You can see where your weaknesses were in the real test environment and use that information to guide your prep.QAS in particular is an excellent tool for this because you get your complete test booklet and can look in-depth at the questions you got wrong and the reasons why you missed them. #3: To See If a Mistake Was Made With Your Score Ordering QAS or SAS is the first step you should take if you are considering the more extreme option of Hand Score Verification.Hand Score Verification means your test is reviewed manually to see if an error was made in the scoring or scanning process.It costs a lot more, so you probably don’t want to order it without reviewing your results in more detail first. Signs of a scoring problem warranting further investigation might include a pattern of incorrect answers on a string of questions that should have been easy for you or a dramatically lower-than-expected overall score (as in 300+ points lower, not 50). The report you receive with the QAS or SAS shows you the correct answer, your answer, the question type (a key for this is provided), and the difficulty level. This makes it easy to detect these types of weird patterns. How to Order the Student Answer Service or Question-and-Answer Service You can order the Student Answer Service or Question-and-Answer Service during the process of test registration.This is something that you might consider if you know you are going to be taking the SAT again in the future and want to review your results to see how you can improve your scores.In this case, you should receive your materials in the mail within eight weeks of the test.If you are ordering the QAS or SAS after you take the test, there are a couple ways you can do it.You can place your order online through your College Board account by selecting â€Å"Order Verification† in the â€Å"My Scores† section. Or, if you’re old school or not paying with a card, here is a link to the order form that can be mailed in with payment.You can also order over the phone by calling the College Board’s Customer Service. If you order score verification services five weeks or more after the test date, results will take up to three weeks to be mailed to you.Make sure you place your order within five months of your original test date! What's Next? If you're wondering when you should take the SAT next, this article lists all the upcoming dates and helps you choose the right one for your needs. Still deciding whether or not to retake the SAT? Check out this article for some guidance. Here's a little more information if you're wondering how many times you should take the SAT overall. Also take a look at our complete study plan for the SATto learn more about structuring your prep time! Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Journal entry #9 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Journal entry #9 - Essay Example It was disclosed that the paramount model for language acquisition would be epitomized from native English speakers (NES). There were apparent manifested differences in behavior from NES and NNES, categorized into four major divisions, to wit: individual use of English; general attitudes toward teaching; attitudes toward teaching the language; and attitudes toward teaching culture (Butler, 2007, p. 736). The study was thereby conducted utilizing 312 Korean students from Grade 6, who were enrolled in two public schools. Through a comprehension test and completion of attitudinal and background questionnaires, the findings revealed that Korean students expressed preferences for teachers who manifest the following qualities, regardless of accents: pronunciation, confidence, empathy, and ability to explain the differences between English and Korean (Butler, 2007, p. 749). One strongly believes that the information and results revealed from the article are highly beneficial for teachers within the ESL learning environment. Inasmuch as accent was the main focus for the study and the students’ attitudes towards NNES and NES, the findings the give credence to the teachers’ qualities provided crucial details on the important role of teaching style and the ability to discern the needs of the students, as a whole, particularly in identifying the role of accents in the general listening comprehension of students with diverse cultural

A hard days Night Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A hard days Night - Essay Example With acknowledgement that each era presents its own values, â€Å"A Hard Day’s Night† movie did its best in reflecting the values of then. The movie presents a number of themes which were very imminent in the 1960’s. With it’s critically thought scenes; this movie is indeed balanced in conveying the situation of the American society in the 1960’s. Struggle for fame is one of the basic elements that are very evident in the movie. The scene of interview brings out this clearly. Everybody in the 1960’s was in pursuit of fame. This implied using any method as is depicted by the way the actors were answering questions to the journalists. They did it in a very comical way and throughout the press conference; they had to be very witty. This is because the questions were not by the journalists for themselves but for their fans. They were though very respectable despite Ringo saying that he was a mocker. Liberation is also a powerful theme which is also portrayed by this film. Thoughtfulness leads characters to wander around making them to be in control. There is joy in having freedom over what you do. Simplicity is everything in any major artistic work. In the 1960’s, there were a lot of pressures and expectations in the movie industry. A break from that monotony is what the â€Å"free style interview† depicts. People now want to the village on the screen and this is what exactly this film goes into fulfilling. This movie has even been argued as to have happened by a mistake because of the way it breaks from the previous rules of filming. Following formalities is overcome by doing notion of doing one’s thing. Nevertheless, the liberation did not lower the quality of the filming standards only that it impacted the feeling of liberation and diversification to anybody who watched it. Being real is human. In the 1960’s people were forced to mask most of the thing all

Leadership Philosophy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Leadership Philosophy - Research Paper Example The importance that has been given to this area of research is the importance of leadership on employees, performance and overall success of the organizations. There have been a lot of facts and myths associated with the concept of leadership. In the past, leadership was linked by people with the superhuman characteristics bestowed by God to various leaders. This idea was further developed by Weber and named as Charisma by him. The leadership charisma involved the qualities and special characteristics that leaders posses. The leaders having leadership charisma are Charismatics. The concept of Charisma actually directs towards the special power and influence of Charismatics over the followers (Rickards & Clark, p79). In addition to the concept of charisma in leadership, it has been a point of debate if leadership skills are inborn or they can be taught. Researchers have been struggling to find an appropriate answer to this. However, it is not unjust to say that the answer to this ques tion contains an equal portion of both statements. The answer to this question has been given attention for the reason that it may help organizations have effective leaders. Brainpower is the only thing that requires being in a person naturally. Knowledge can be gained, skills can be learnt but intelligence cannot be generated. A person needs to be intelligent and sharp in order to gain knowledge and utilize it. Leadership requires certain traits in a person. These traits include strength of mind, interest to resolve issues, ready to face challenges, power to proceed with plans, will to succeed, determination and passion (Levicki, 2008). Personal Values of my Leadership Leadership qualities, theories and concepts are valuable and useful when it comes to practical life. The leadership skills are not limited to benefit in businesses but are useful in leading all teams including the political, social, cultural and virtual ones. The leadership techniques, qualities and skills are of par amount importance in successfully handling the followers. Religious and political leaders may be taken as a helpful example of how influential leaders are. My personal experiences helped a lot in learning the concept of leadership in a better way. The theory and practice of leadership differ in some ways. However, the theory and literature on leadership helps in understanding and building a better and more influential personality to handle and motivate the followers. To make my opinion more clear and effective I would describe Managerial work and leadership. Since my personal life involves being a financial manager who directly reports to the president of the company I know quite about the concepts of leadership. The step by step development of my career and promotions helped me in understanding which traits are valued and which ones are not. Managerial work is closely linked to leadership. A leader is a person who carry out plans and knows what to do, whereas, a manager is a person who knows how to do things and how would they actually complete a particular task. For instance, a student who is making a plan to carry out a stage performance on some occasion and take the responsibility to select

The Lobbying In Tourism Tourism Essay

The Lobbying In Tourism Tourism Essay In all big business making projects there have always been rigging and bonds. It the past it used to be called bribery and now days, due to its improved form and sophisticate way it is done, it is said to be lobbying. Who are the lobbyists in tourism? How can they advantage from favouring certain group of people and certain destinations? Is it the matter of well done lobbying the promotion of a certain destination? Lobbying and marketing how are these actually connected? Is it up to the lobbyists that some good values have lost their importance? To what extent have the Internet and mass media influenced the style and awareness formation of the certain destination and is it also a kind of lobbying? To what extent is lobbying good for some people, destinations and projects and what is the role of the civil sector in such processes? These are just some of questions necessary to be resolved in order to get acquitted with the occurrence more and more present in modern travel industry. I t is all about huge amounts of money and because of this tourism will become (even more) interesting to the lobbyists. Very often people wonder how it could be that certain projects are completed on time and how only the certain group of people takes a part in these? Many of these people were not supposed to deal with such projects, many of these companies did not have the best offer; yet they managed to participate in the projects. How it is possible for an individual to make just a few steps and suddenly to become an important participant? Lobbying is one of the best possible answers. It is well featured in business where it is everything about the large sum of money as well as where the great national and social interest is concerned. Who the lobbyists are- in some cases it is known who they are, while in some others they are like some secret societies, pretty mysterious. It is the second half of the twentieth century when lobbying in tourism started to bloom. It was the moment when the mass tourism flourished along with the great number of receptive objects built and numerous tourism fairs held-a ll these were/are a fantastic medium for the lobbyists to expand their influence. Many high school and college principals as well as hotel/motel and tourist organisation managers are also involved in the process of lobbying- there are interests everywhere- not necessarily financial, why some things are done in such way and why certain people do these. The notion lobbying comes from the English word lobby which denotes the area that is just inside a large building, where people can meet and wait .In this space members of the British Parliament used to negotiate, make some arrangements and exchange the information. That is how the notion of lobbying was formed (to try to influence a politician or the government to do or not to do something). In both British and American system of government it is incorporated organization dealing with legislative processes in such way as to represent industrial .and other interests  [1]  . In case of tourism, the usual lobbyists are the governments of some countries as well as those who want something to be done as they like it and in order to gain some profit. Very often ordinary people are not acquainted with this, due to well skilled professionals. Supremacy and domination are important parts in all spheres of life and lobbying as such is fine means to achieve this. 1. LOBBYING IN SERBIA In Serbia, lobbying will no longer be operated in a secret way and away from the public eye; on the contrary, it will be an occupation in which franchised professionals will be involved. In July, 2009, there was the proposition of The Lobbying Law created, so that lobbying could become an occupation as any other. According to this law, there will be unique Professional Lobbyist Register Office to deal with the rules of lobbying and to control those who operate opposite the way it is predicted. In such Bill it is said that lobbying is the way for the interested party to achieve impact on some participants in both judicial power and legislation, so as such regulations co no harm on the interested parties or they can benefit from them. The impact has to be explained in full details and at the same time truthful, useful and meaningful and at the same time it should do no harm on other participants by the time it is put into practice. Lobbying involves all the activities done with purpose to influence decision making within public authorities. The purpose of such law is to make lobbying process public and transparent, to make it available to be easily controlled by the executive and legislative authorities and prevent lobbying to act in the way opposite the legal regulations. (The draft of the Lobbying Law outline). In this law it is also mentioned that a lobbyist is a natural person or an entity and lobbying is an activity with purpose to achieve some influence on the processes within the executive and legislative authorities. It would be necessary for all those who want to do this job to have a licence, the written document, obtained from the Lobbyist Board. Furthermore, this law states who can be a lobbyist and even something more important-who are those having no rights to do such activity, and they are: officials, members of State Budget Agency, members of the official managing and supervising boards i.e. all those whose activity may cause conflict of interests . Lobbyist activity is available to the public according to the law, although certain pieces of information are confidential as to protect clients and their privacy. Up to the moment when the law is passed, lobbying is an activity done by the influential people who are amateurs only according to their education and can not get the licence; they are businessmen having chief influence on decision making and profit sharing. 2. LOBBYING AND TOURISM In case of tourism, lobbying can be considered to be any communications made by employees in the tourism industry, firstly with the potential clients as the way he checks his lobbying skills namely, if he is a good lobbyist, he can turn a potential client into the client and succeed in taking his Leisure time and money and provide certain services for him. The contact and the invisible services presentation to the client is one kind of lobbying as well as that involves certain skills. Zoran Ivanovic, a professor at the Faculty of Management in Tourism and Hospitality in Opatija mentioned, at he Congress of the Hotel and Tourism Management, held in Opatija in 2008 that what matters is the essential skills and competences, rather than knowledge. This thought is actually a definition of well done lobbying. It is necessary to improve knowledge continuously and keep working on it. Those possessing a kind of passive knowledge can possibly be lost in a wide range of scientific knowledge. S kills and competencies are taught and and it is their ongoing practice and improvement that can lead to the results, no matter what activities we consider negotiations, lobbying, or when we simply want to leave a good impression. Competencies  [2]  and skills  [3]  and lobbying are essential for tourism. Tourism, defined as moving of people from their place of residence to another with a lot of money spent there, is actually an industry selling its services without to be checked previously. All these so called activities, being not previously checked must be sold and must be properly displayed in order to be purchased. It is claimed that one or even more tourist seasons largely depend on lobbyists it can be so due to the fact that the lobbyists are those who often create trends and images and they are exactly the ones who do the promotion trends actually depend on them, they are those who people believe in or vice versa. One of the most important skills of lobbyists and people working in tourism is the rhetoric. Is one of the seven antique, ancient skills and indicates the way communication is accomplished and the information transmitted. Unfortunately, students at the Faculties of Tourism in Serbia do not have a chance to acquaint with this, but it is essential for this profession. It is important for the lobbyists because they have to know how to state what they want to and how, by using the smallest possible numbers of words announce anything. It can be said that lobbying is an officially new skill in Serbia but it is sure that it used to exist in tourism and some other industries a long time ago and that lobbyist used to be well paid for the job done. So far lobbying in Serbia has been concerned to mean bribery and corruption, but in some other the EU countries management contracts and awards for the completed projects are not the news. It is exactly what Serbia attains to. To award someone means that you honour hisher work and merit for certain things. Lobbying can make some tourist destinations become staple, it can have to do with sustainable development, it can promote some an idea concerning tourism-all these depend on the one who orders lobbying services. When tourism is taken into consideration, each government should have lobbyists in some of the organizations such as: UNESCO, ICOM, ICOMOS, etc. It will be possible than to present natural beauties and projects related to their protection and those lobbyists should have task to convince the officials there that it is their project that it is most urgent and should be the first financed because it is unique, special and endangeredà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦all these activities have to do with rhetoric, good presentation and good impression the officials get. 3. LOBBYING AS THE CREATIVE INDUSTRY SEGMENT The concept of creative industry features the description of conceptual and practical merging of creative arts (individual talent) along with cultural industries (mass) and altogether in the context of Informational and Communication Technology that is a part of new economic knowledge that newly created interactive users-consumers can partake. (Hartley, John ed. 2007:11) It can not be a priori claimed that lobbying is a creative industry segment, but the definition part stating that creative industries directly imply to creative arts merging -out of this it can be concluded that an individual talent can be related to lobbying. One of the greatest talents is rhetoric, previously mentioned but the talent also involves personal image, the communication manners, dress code, style and all the things that have to do with a certain task and is considered to be proper professional and ethic conduct of a lobbyist himself. One thing is certain when we talk about lobbyists and it is the way they look like and how he wants to achieve his goals. In tourism, it is of core importance the contacts with people not being so well positioned and whose satisfaction dictates the tourist destination and product rating on the market these people are outgoing and sales managers who according to their impressions transmit the messages to their employees and to the consumers as well. We can consider that lobbying as an activity can be done at a certain tourist destination and lobbyists would be the tourist guides and reception staff. It is the ability to animate the guests one of the most important in tourism and at the same time can be perceived as lobbying. Well performed and high quality tourist animation can produce satisfied consumers who will by word of mouth communication become the best sales managers for a given destination or a tourist product. In tourism, lobbying lasts much longer than a tourist arrangement itself-it starts from the moment when a potential customer steps into a travel agents, tries to decide on the destination product  [4]  , stays at the certain destination and finally shares his feedback, very important for the tourist agents itself. Even negative feedback is important, because a good manager is at the same time a good lobbyist and he will do anything to turn such negative experiences into something positive and will not let them have any publicity. Creativity that can be found in lobbying is widely defined and what matters is the level on which lobbying is done. When we talk about tourist agents and hotels lobbying can be done by animators and so it will not be necessary for them to have a classic lobbying licence for them it is necessary to possess talent and ability in order to make the tourists buy something, go on excursions organized by the certain local agent. On larger scales of states, huge markets and destinations it is not only necessary for a lobbyist to have a licence but to have knowledge concerning tourist legality as well.In this case it is essential for a lobyst to be good at rhetoric and to be well informed and to be in possession of exact items of information. At the same time there is no need for animation and if it happens to ocur it should be done in a descrete manner. 4. LOBBYING OR HOW TO PUT IT IN PRACTICE? It is not easy to be a lobbyist in societies which are xenophobic and used to have totalitarian regime. The idea of democracy is pretty new in the former Yugoslavia area of and it can not be understood that the representation of other peoples interests, negotiation and urging do not equal bribery and corruption. That is why it is important that professionals introduce and put lobbying into practice in order that audience gets impression that they are businessmen like any others. In Serbia, one of the obstacles is that there is no lobbying as a subject at the faculties. At VERN University in Croatia, students at the economic enterprise department have a chance to choose The Introduction to Lobbying as the optional subject. In further course description it is explained that in democratic systems it is not unusual activity for somebody to practice lobbying-on the contrary, it is legitimate means to achieve certain goals and represent the interests. Various legal acts regulate lobbying, and lobbyists have to be incorporated and have to respect the rules and some codes. Lobbyists are those representatives of big companies and business sector, national and local governments, as many other representatives of non-government sector and other interest groups. Due to the fact that lobbying is closely tied with political system, legislation, media and international level, it is the multidisciplinary approach that will be applied on problem solving in this course. The In troduction to Lobbying staff wants to stress the importance of this concept and its practicing in modern political, social and economic life. Even what is more important that we want the student to acquire skills and abilities which will enable him to develop business possibilities. It is this course that will help you to find some answers for the following questions: how to get to the right information and what to do in order to accomplish and protect ones goals? The students are expected to imagine life situations and by applying what they have learned try to find the best, or the least harmful possible solutions. (www.vern.hr/program//IvancicI-Vodic%20kroz%20kolegij.doc) Out of this description it can be concluded that lobbying is necessary and at the same time permeates all spheres of industry. As for someone to become a lobbyist in tourism industry, he/she has to master knowledge from tourism and be well versed in non-verbal communication. This non-verbal communication is necessary linked with animation and especially in case of tourism. Lobbying is also tightly linked with animation and non verbal communication especially in some tourism spheres. The development of business tourism is one of the important aspects not only in our country,but the worldwide, too. Business clients are educated pepole who travel round the world visiting different fairs, conferences, symposiums business meetings and many other business activities and protocols so it is of core imprtance what impression he/she will get of the host country. The business clients are said to represent the country to possible tourists in best way. According to the latest research conducted by SITE (Society of Incentive and Travel Executives), 76 % of American executive directors claim that business fairs and professional congresses are the main reasons for them to travel,and even 80% of the worlds top managers claim that these events are the most imporatant sources of the information they need and possibilities to make new business contracts. In what way it is important for tourism in a country is best shown on the example of the English town Birmingham, which would have still been an average, industrial town, if there had not been the congress tourism developed.It is the congress tourism that makes profit of approximately à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¤711 million to this town. Congress presentation has to include all the economic and non-economic services in order to satisfy the needs of the guests here.Such tourist presentation should include tourist attractions, natural beauties, climate,hospitality and cultural heritige. The fact that should be take into consideration is that congres tourist spend even three times greater sum of money than so called average tourists. (Year book of International Organization, 1980). In order to satisfy business clients needs the experiences of some more developed countries should be taken into consideration and some latest trends put into practice.These include some motivating or incentive trips which are specially created for the businessman when they are on business trips. These short, but intensive tours are organized for small number of people and according to their wishes and interests expressed in the questionnaire they had previously filled in and the tours are organized at the most popular locations and include extreme sports adventures and unique parties. It should so if it is well know fact that incentive business contracts worldwide are worth about billion $. Such animation of business people is very demanding and not easy at all, because through the short period of time one should make satisfy the needs of already tired guests and then to make them satisfied. It can be very demanding and useful at the same time for the tourist propaganda, and maybe one of the most useful way of animation because all these people are well educated and experienced, since they have visited so many countries, and at the moment when they rate the host country well, it means that they will share these positive experiences with people in their home countries and in such way they can become the best possible presenters of the county they stayed in. (Ivkov DÃ…Â ¾igurski AnÄ‘elija, 2008) Only these sorts of business trips and such clients can imply to what extent animation is linked with lobbying. Well versed animator is a good lobbyist at the same time knowing how to impose his rhythm and where to take his business clients as they can have a good time. It is up to him and his ability to what extent the clients would be satisfied and be ready to follow him. At the same time, it is his responsibility what feedback the host country would have when the client gets back home. It is no wonder that good animation and lobbying as well can make up for the possible failures. When the business clients are mentioned it is very important that the host county knows what it wants and that it can be accomplished by animators lobbyists. The quality of the product is of core importance, then services and the ideas, but what are crucial are the lobbyists experience and his/her non verbal communication. INSTEAD OF CONCLUSION No matter what is going to happen in the future people would always like to travel as they did so from the beginning of the world. Some time in the past migrations used to move towards wealthier spots and because of the search for food. The times when tourism was available only for the aristocracy had passed a long time ago. The era of mass tourism is also vanishing. The highlights of the present moment are city break tours and tours having enriched thematic content along with various cultural itineraries. People used to travel where the masses went, but nowadays people travel where their friends recommend, they gather some information on different social forumsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Actually, the forums are the best places to lobby for something it is possible to have someone there in order to opt for a tourist destination. The Internet plays an important part in tourism and in its marketing as well and it can be said that the Internet is an integral part of lobbying, too. The Internet preserves the magic and mystique of the lobbying activity, since you do not know who the lobbyist is but no matter you get involved and up to the extent of his skills you believe him or not. That is how you become a potential customer of his invisible services. The lobbyist is a successful one if he manages to draw your attention and make you not leave the forum, if he provokes you to ask him farther questions which are a good signal for him that he made you think unconsciously about the tourist product. It i s a huge success for the lobbyist himself because the forum user will start to spread the story about the good forum and in this way to make a potential destination become a part of tourist propaganda-it is much easier to sell a product or a service when the name is familiar to the potential customers. It is necessary to answer the following questions: who who with with what why how who to what for who for the lobbying is done? After answering all these questions it would be much easier to train a lobbyist and then he/she would how exactly how to act in order to achieve some goals. Machiavelli once said that The goal justifies the means but ethic code should be obeyed as well. Lobbyists should obey their own ethic code and the one in tourism, so in case of tourism it can not be said that all the goals and aims in the process of lobbying for the certain destination or a tourist product. It is necessary to bear in mind, who is lobbying and whom he is representing and what will be long term results. Lobbying is a process where the results can not be shown immediately, its effect can become visible in a period of couple of years. Continuous evaluation is necessary both for the lobbyists and tourist destinations, as well. It is necessary to evaluate the results-they actually show what a lobbyist team has managed to do. Team work is the best possible one even in lobbying industry and it does not mean that that t wo or more people should act simultaneously, but it means that their actions should be coordinated and not to be futile. Lobbying is a sign of the extent to which a society is democratic and civil sector developed. The region of the Western Balkans is still immature in that sense and along with its evolution the lobbying activities will start to develop and the concept of lobbying will become familiar to them. The lobbyists task is a promotion and that is why it can not be a priori said that everything is about money it is very important segment in fact, but its effects can influence economic development of some countries, civil sectors and eventually the promotion of some products and services. Apart from all this, money is important because it can make the society consolidate and influence well balanced financial distribution within all social scales. It is tourism that can help the society and the country to develop and good lobbying can make huge amounts of money to reach the country and later be invested in sustainable development, the promotion of tourism as a very important tertiary sector, you ng peoples grantsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Lobbying makes it possible: For the Institutions to be easily recognized on the international market and especially among the partners that have already been selected to be within significant institutions in the realm of tourism in Europe and worldwide, To follow the world   trends in tourism and make it possible for the activities to be promoted, The creation of the international partnership system of the professional associations, Necessary support in the process of association in the institutrional network organisation which have the similar goals and in that way to promote the product. Lobbying and tourism are closely connected. It is the fact. Maybe it is not said in public. Maybe people have not realized this too seriously so far, but in the years to come their relationship should been taken into more serious consideration. Lobbyists have to do their job, and along with the fact that tourism is becoming a leading industry in the world the lobbying will become more and more present. The students of tourism should bear in mind that they can the lobbying as their profession although some of them, being members of various student organizations, have already been acquainted with this, though on amateur level.

Business Ethics vs. Capitalism Essay -- essays research papers

The concept of business ethics has tried to change the way businesses operate over the years. Business ethics is a form of ethics that governs the actions of businesses to circumvent the affects business has on every day society. But some question its effectiveness in the application of capitalism. Several case studies have shown that this is the case; many companies place the pursuit of money in front of the pursuit of virtue. Although, the majority of companies are not in the spotlight of acting unethically, can we conclude that they follow the ethical norms? It is natural for normal human beings to act ethical but businesses are on a completely different playing field. But could business ethics be clearly possible in capitalism?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In order to understand the debate of business ethics, one must understand the concept of capitalism. Capitalism in its purest form is free enterprise, meaning that the market functions with minimal interference from government and other forces. If this is possible then businesses compete with each other on an equal playing field and whoever has the upper hand can gain much of the market. Each business will fight for there own share of the market and it is basically survival of the fittest, whoever has the better product, price, quality will win over customers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Capitalism is a free-market approach to economics but one other practice makes capitalism different from any other economical system. Within capitalism investors play a large part in business in capitalism. In theory there are several different kinds of investors in capitalism. One can ‘loan’ money to a company and the company will promise to return that loan with interest but the most common type of investment is ownership into the company or business. This type of ownership takes place through the concept of stock. Stock is an actual stake within the company bought in the stock market. In capitalism the stock’s price can either fluctuate up or down. This notion of the stock market plays the biggest part in a capitalist economy because a companies stock is an indication on how well the company is performing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Milton Friedman, a University of Chicago professor, suggests that the only responsibility of businesses is to their stockholders. He advocates that a businesses function is to make as much money as possible in any and every way, as long as the rules o... ...etely different things into the same economy, instead we should compromise into another type of economical system that can have a social conscience and still manage to make a profit. Recently many companies have had their unethical behavior uncovered and this placed doubt in the minds of many. Capitalism and ethics cannot truly exist together because in capitalism there can be no control and ethics as a form of control. In capitalism Greed is the number one priority in capitalism and ethics cannot sidetrack this priority. Although over the years business ethics and capitalism seemed to have coincided one cannot conclude that the two can coexist because of the many kinds of unethical behavior takes place in our capitalist economy, much of which is still hidden. The unethical behavior uncovered by the government recently is just the tip of the iceberg and I am sure as long as people try to combine ethics and capitalism, unethical behavior will still run rampant, revealed or not. Only one action can deter unethical behavior in the U.S. economy, and that is changing the whole system because if not we will continue to live in an unethical economy where greed is the on ly precedence. Business Ethics vs. Capitalism Essay -- essays research papers The concept of business ethics has tried to change the way businesses operate over the years. Business ethics is a form of ethics that governs the actions of businesses to circumvent the affects business has on every day society. But some question its effectiveness in the application of capitalism. Several case studies have shown that this is the case; many companies place the pursuit of money in front of the pursuit of virtue. Although, the majority of companies are not in the spotlight of acting unethically, can we conclude that they follow the ethical norms? It is natural for normal human beings to act ethical but businesses are on a completely different playing field. But could business ethics be clearly possible in capitalism?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In order to understand the debate of business ethics, one must understand the concept of capitalism. Capitalism in its purest form is free enterprise, meaning that the market functions with minimal interference from government and other forces. If this is possible then businesses compete with each other on an equal playing field and whoever has the upper hand can gain much of the market. Each business will fight for there own share of the market and it is basically survival of the fittest, whoever has the better product, price, quality will win over customers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Capitalism is a free-market approach to economics but one other practice makes capitalism different from any other economical system. Within capitalism investors play a large part in business in capitalism. In theory there are several different kinds of investors in capitalism. One can ‘loan’ money to a company and the company will promise to return that loan with interest but the most common type of investment is ownership into the company or business. This type of ownership takes place through the concept of stock. Stock is an actual stake within the company bought in the stock market. In capitalism the stock’s price can either fluctuate up or down. This notion of the stock market plays the biggest part in a capitalist economy because a companies stock is an indication on how well the company is performing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Milton Friedman, a University of Chicago professor, suggests that the only responsibility of businesses is to their stockholders. He advocates that a businesses function is to make as much money as possible in any and every way, as long as the rules o... ...etely different things into the same economy, instead we should compromise into another type of economical system that can have a social conscience and still manage to make a profit. Recently many companies have had their unethical behavior uncovered and this placed doubt in the minds of many. Capitalism and ethics cannot truly exist together because in capitalism there can be no control and ethics as a form of control. In capitalism Greed is the number one priority in capitalism and ethics cannot sidetrack this priority. Although over the years business ethics and capitalism seemed to have coincided one cannot conclude that the two can coexist because of the many kinds of unethical behavior takes place in our capitalist economy, much of which is still hidden. The unethical behavior uncovered by the government recently is just the tip of the iceberg and I am sure as long as people try to combine ethics and capitalism, unethical behavior will still run rampant, revealed or not. Only one action can deter unethical behavior in the U.S. economy, and that is changing the whole system because if not we will continue to live in an unethical economy where greed is the on ly precedence.

Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis

There are around 5000 languages in use today, and each is quite different from many of the others. Many thinkers have urged that large differences in language lead to large differences in experience and thought. They hold that each language embodies a worldview, which speakers of different languages think about the world in quite different ways. At first I didn’t really understood what was being said, and I was really against it, but after asking myself, really? Knowing a different amount of words to describe things would allow us to better understand and communicate, interesting than as we started the color activity it became clear to me.Then immediately I started making connections to friends of mines form other foreign countries. Sometimes we have difficulties explain things to each other, things that are often the same, but because of where he’s from and the way their communication methods (Grammar, metaphors, Pragmatics, Semantics, Lexicon) are structured makes it difficult, to understand him being I’m form a different part of the world, meaning a different form of communication method, with a different set of rules.Form what I have read and understand the most important discussions of the linguistic relativity hypothesis have focused on grammar and lexicon which seem to be the most valid in my opinion. Why? I’m guessing it have something to do with the way we talk, and the influence it have on a lot of how much we understand, based on our vocabulary choices and makeup. For example a typical word order may vary in English; the common order is subject, verb, and object.In Japanese it is subject, object, and verb, and in Latin several different spin (word order). Languages can differ in whether they make a distinction between intransitive verbs and adjectives; there are many subtler sorts of grammatical difference as well. Grammar here does not mean the grammar we learned in grammar school, but the syntactic structure of a languag e; in the sense that grammar contains a set of rules that can generate all and only the sentences of a given language.

Philosophy Essay Example

Philosophy Essay Example Philosophy Essay Philosophy Essay GITANJALIIntroduction Gitanjali is the one of the greatest book wich is written by the rabindernath tagore and it was written in bengali and it has been tranlated into english, gitanjali is the collcetion of 103 poems and for this poem tagore won nobel price the word â€Å"gitanjali† is drived from th rood git which means â€Å"git† means songs and â€Å"anjoli†means offerings and thus means â€Å"prayer offering of songs†and rabindernath became first non eropian who won the nobel price. It reflects on the iterrelationships among the poet or speaker, the deity ,and the world. He sometimes seems to be resisting tradional religion and prophetically looking towords a new spirituality. It resembles the poetry of mysticism and ofcouse tagore’s reaction ti the vision of reality. Here he presents the divine as the great affirmation, the fountion of energy, the source of life and death, and also the belief of the vedantic doctrine . In the vedantic doctrin e â€Å"that art thou† tagore expains pretty wll about the human existence in the word and also about the nature. Telling the true beauty about these things. His lyrics like a transparent and they open to us the door of inner spaces abd longing for the divine. Tagore like sufi saint brings out the concept reaching god through music and when i read tagore’s works writings would clearly say about the ocean and and personification of the human life and death.Rabindernath writings It is about full of inspiration and full of color. Gitanjali speaks of birth of life, to the death, nature and man’s quest for answers from god. Be it song or rain, nature or god,each poems disply the simplicity of thoughts. Nuances between god and man’s tributions with are captured beautifully in this book.while one poem describes a person waiting for the temple gates to be opened, the other describes beautifully a womean who is ready and awaiting her lord to come and embarence he r. De- mystifying the joys of trhe naature is also one of the Philosophy Essay Example Philosophy Essay Philosophy Essay Philosophy Currently, the Federal Communications Commission suggested changes have raised mixed reactions in the media. Some oppose the changes while some agree to them. These changes will have several implications on the legal and ethical philosophy in the media. Merges would reduce the number of media owners. The implications include unfair competition in the market. Some of the changes suggested include allowing broadcast stations to reach 45% of the United States market, on the geographical area compared to the current 35%, lifting the ban that allows the media to own more than one station and newspaper (Hirst Harrison, 2007). This changes address deregulation of the media. Part A 1. A disagreement is the failure to convene on an opinion presented by a person or group. An argument, on the other hand, is the presentation of opposing views on a particular subject matter. A formal argument is presented in an ordered series of statements called premises that lead to a conclusion. A disagreement is not a prerequisite for an argument. It does provide an incentive for an argument by giving two differing positions on a subject. An argument may exist to analyze the validity of widely accepted concepts further or for intellectual jousting purposes. The existence of two or more people in an argument is not necessary, but it provides differing views that may further the argument. A single person may take different stances on the same topic. 2. An explanation is a statement or a number of statements aimed at providing a clearer understanding of certain facts. An argument seeks to prove that a certain statement is true based of factual premises. This means the argument purposes to contribute knowledge in a given subject. If two people, A and B, address the issue of whether or not a third person, C is sleepy, they may refer to the fact hat he is dosing. This is an argument based on the premise that C is dosing and people dose when they are sleepy. However, if A and B agree on it, they may what to know why C is dosing and hence propose an explanation that C is exhausted from working in the hot weather. The difference is that they both what to show why a case is true. 3. A deductive argument is one that derives a conclusion from a set of premises that arrive logically at a certain conclusion. It directly links the premises presented with the conclusion. If the premises are true, then it follows that the conclusion is true by logical necessity. Validity is determined by the condition that a conclusion is logically evoked by its premises considering each step of the argument is logical. A deductive argument is valid if and only if a true conclusion is drawn from the premises, whatever they may be. It means that an argument can be valid even though the premises are false. An example of a valid deductive argument: Everyone who eats chips is overweight. James eats chips. Therefore, James is overweight. The first premise is false because there are people who eat chips but are not overweight. The conclusion is true because it is derived from the premises. This is a valid deductive argument. 4. The quality of validity, as far as deductive arguments are concerned, relates the conclusion arrived at to the premises to judge whether true or false. If the conclusion is true based on the premises, then the argument is valid irrespective of whether or not the premises are true. Conversely, inductive arguments only state the probability of a conclusion being true based on the premises put forth. This gives the inductive its quality of strength based on the degree of probability. Another noteworthy difference between the two types of arguments is that, in an inductive argument, the conclusion may be false despite the premises being true. 5. The argument follows the structure: If P, then Q. When Q happens, the conclusion is made that P is true. This is an invalid argument since the conclusion is false. Not all other possibilities have been excluded to the exception of P. As long as the conclusion of a deductive argument is false, the argument is rendered invalid. A counterexample of the given example is: Miami is in the USA. Sam lives in the USA. Therefore, Sam lives in Miami. The above argument is invalid because the conclusion is false even though the premises are true. 6. A dilemma is a problem that offers two solutions, neither of which is desirable. A common example of such a situation is depicted when one encounters a homeless person asking for change: Either the change will help the person or not. Giving them change may lead to dependency. Denying them change may result in them sleeping hungry. Therefore, dependency or hunger will result from giving change. There are several solutions to a dilemma. The analogy of â€Å"being on the horns of the dilemma† is used to refer to the person facing a dilemma as it is akin to facing a charging bull. The outcome – impalement – is undesirable. The first involves grasping the first horn, which means giving the person the change to prevent the risk of them going hungry. Grasping the second horn means denying the person change to prevent dependency. The other option of going between the horns would be to ignore the request for change hence, avoiding both outcomes. Charging the bull involves changing strategy, resulting in a proactive approach to the dilemma. Other solutions to this dilemma can be broached, such as finding employment for the person to provide sustenance and eliminate dependency. 7. The argument is weak because the conclusion of an inductive argument is probabilistic, that is, given certain premises, the conclusion is probable. The given argument is an example of a weak inductive argument. To turn it into a strong inductive argument would entail changing the conclusion drawn from the premises: I have observed five crows today. All five crows were black. Therefore, there is a probability that most crows are black. The change in the framing of the conclusion changes it to a strong inductive statement because chances are that not all crows are black. Five crows are a small number on which to base an argument. They are not a representative of the entire crow population. The argument is strong because the likelihood that the conclusion is true is higher. 8. Modus ponens is an argument form that follows the structure: if P implies Q and P are true, then Q is true. An example is: If it is sunny, then I will go for a swim. It is sunny. Therefore, I will go for a swim. The fallacy ensues from affirming the consequent â€Å"then I will go for a swim† since â€Å"if it is sunny† was not presented as the only sufficient condition of the consequent of the conditional statement. Part B The Apology, correctly Apologia, is a philosophical work that documents Socrates’ trial. The meaning of apologia is a presentation of a case in one’s own defense, which is what Socrates offered the jury and the public that had gathered to take part in his trial. Socrates was accused of being a heretic by not worshiping the deities of that time and misleading the youth in his charge (Plato 2000). As a leading philosopher, Socrates was in charge of the education of the youth of Athens. The people who brought theses charges against him were those slighted by his philosophies. Socrates believed that he was tasked by the gods to enlighten the people of Athens by showing them that the acceptance of ignorance was the beginning of knowledge. As part of his defense, Socrates offered a speech to the Athenians present, seeking to explain his actions from a philosophical standpoint. In his address, he referred to himself as a gadfly poking the lazy horse that was Athens from its slumber. The metaphor referred to Socrates’ calling to investigate on the prevalence of knowledge among the experts on different fields of study. His findings illustrated that those proclaimed experts only pretended to have profound knowledge, but lacked in-depth understanding of their fields of expertise. Socrates went about stirring them into action from the state they had put themselves. The relevance of this metaphor to the role that philosophy to intellectual pursuits is to stir the academicians from a state of contentment with the advances made so far. As a gadfly, philosophy should continuously wake the academicians, ensuring that the inquisition of knowledge is relegated. Philosophy serves to remind that the pursuit of knowledge and understanding should stem from the acceptance of ignorance, contrasted with the arrogance of the Athenians who purported to possess wisdom but on further inquisition by Socrates were proved arrogant in their ignorance. The men in Socrates time were insulted by his inquisitions, which proved their ignorance on matters they professed excellence. Instead of seeing the challenged posed by Socrates’ findings, they were quick to take offence (Plato 2000). The inquiries were viewed as a personal attack by Socrates, and the ‘targets’ instead sought to eliminate Socrates by propagating trumped up charges against him. These charges were proved baseless, but all the same, Socrates was condemned to death. This defensive strategy adopted by the Athenians did not help them in the long term. Constructive criticism is useful to the development of academic fields. As a part of his defense, Socrates mentioned that the unexamined life is not worth living. He referred to his opponents and their objection to his inquiries into their intellectual pursuits. They were opposed to the examination the Socrates carried out into their work and understanding of it. Most were found to lack an understanding of the fields they purported to be experts. Socrates had humiliated them by exposing their ignorance. In their anger, they missed the point of the inquiries Socrates made into their work. An examination of their lives’ work was vital to provide insight into the accomplishments and failures made. This point is relevant to our daily lives. The stocktaking that Socrates mentioned is important to illuminate the advances people make as well as the shortcomings encountered. Organizations carry out this analysis on a regular basis to ensure its survival and growth. This review should not only be restricted to such organizations but also extended to all spheres of life. Without it, there is no account made to the activities carried out on a daily basis. It is philosophically immoral to live a life without introspection, as this is a requirement of any being that possess intelligence and a desire of self-improvement. The only way to ensure constant development and avoid stagnation, such as the lazy horse Socrates described Athens to be, is to set the course of constant introspection and improvement (Plato 2000). As a society and individuals, stagnation arises from arrogance nurtured by perceived excellence. There is so much that the human race is yet to understand; hence, arrogance would be folly. These types of fallacies are cultivated by egos that refuse to accept the limited nature of the human mind verses the limitless universe. There is a lot to be discovered, and even that, which is known, can still be improved. The knowledge of human ignorance is the only key to gain wisdom. Socrates understood the prophecy of the oracle at Delphi to be a riddle as he was considered himself the most ignorant man in Athens. His wisdom, as prophesied by the oracle, lay in his acknowledgement of his ignorance. Socrates was open to learn as opposed to the other distinguished men in Athens who considered themselves masters in their respective fields. Their ignorance lay in their arrogance juxtaposed with Socrates wisdom that lay in his acceptance of ignorance. To truly learn, one must accept the limited knowledge one possess, hence the process of learning will emanate from the quest to eliminate the ignorance. Socrates was a pioneer in the methods used in presentation of arguments. In his trial, the formal arguments he presented served to negate the accusations levied against him by his detractors. He used various methods in his cross-examination of the accusers, for example, Meletus. He backed Meletus into a corner by proving that his allegations of heresy and atheism were unfounded because Meletus accused Socrates of believing in demigods who were sons of gods (Plato 2000). It does not make sense to believe in something but not its progenitor. In his lifetime, Socrates provided philosophies that are still applicable to our lives today and to the future generations.

Nanta essays

Nanta essays I had heard that the Korean play Nanta was a very popular play, Nanta literally means crazy cooking chef. I was fortunate enough to get a seat directly in front of the stage. I was astonished at the crowed that had shown up to see the show. The play opened with the stage being illuminated by three candles, the candles were held three figures, a woman, a muscular man, and a tall slender man. The figures placed the candles on oriental tables which had already been placed on stage. Along side the candles there were small aluminum rice bowls and chopsticks. The figures began tapping the bowls slowly and steadily the tempo picked up, creating a eerie sound. The figures blew out the candles. The tempo slowed down from all the figures tapping to just a single person The stage lights were turned on and we were thrown into a restaurant scene, where the restaurant manager had given his three best chefs the task of preparing a feast for a wedding ceremony and also help is nephew become a Nanta chef. Each chef had is or her own cutting utensil. The first, I called young boy, was the managers nephew, was a younger, smaller chef. He used razor sharp carving knives. The second, I called strong boy, was young and had a muscular build. His specialty was two hatchets. The third, I called young girl she was short and slender and used two slim narrow knives. The last I called old boy, was the oldest and tallest of the three. He also had caring knives. Thump, thump, thump, chunks of cucumber, carrot, onion, and cabbage were flung through the air. As each chef began cutting, chopping and slicing the vegetables on their mini gas stoves. The stoves not higher then the chefs waist, were equipped with wooden chopping boards, cymbals and a burring eye for cooking. The chefs began moving the stoves around the stage as if they were synchronized swimm ...

Statement of professional Goals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Statement of professional Goals - Essay Example This will help me in my career progression in that it will enable me to go for leadership and managerial positions in reputed organizations. This degree will prove to be a fruitful extension of my qualification in that I will become a competent professional in fields like tourism and hotel management. I anticipate that organizational expectations of hospitality managers have increased. In today’s modern business world, a hospitality manager conveys a strong impression when she looks for a job. She is given more supervisory duties, which I am sure that I am capable of performing. I believe that keeping in view my academic qualification, and my need to complement my previous degree, the authorities will definitely consider my application for admission in their reputed university. I assure that I shall prove to be a competent student for your university and a reputed professional in the

Mercantilism as an Economic System and a School of Economic Thought Essay

Mercantilism as an Economic System and a School of Economic Thought - Essay Example While Thomas Mun is considered by the first mercantilist, James Steuart is called as the last major mercantilist. The last important work which was in pace with the mercantilists’ ideology was â€Å"Inquiry into the Principles of Political Economy† published in 1767. Both the first and last mercantilists were merchants of England, while many other writers were included in the category of public officials. Beyond understanding mercantilism as an advocacy of the power and wealth of nations, Mun was appreciated for his view points on a wide array of economic thoughts. Mun presented the earlier mercantile policies in his manuscript written in 1630 and published in 1664 by his son. To Mun, England’s treasure (national wealth) could be increased by the way of engaging trade with other countries With this aim of national wealth, many policies were advocated by Mun which include limited consumption for increasing the amount of available goods for export, increased utiliz ation of land and other internal resources to decrease the imports, cutting off the export duties of domestic goods for exports and promotion of goods with inelastic demand so that more benefits would be availed. The skilled industrial population and shipping industry were effectively created by mercantilists in England.  (Mangusson, 2003). It was argued for the historical promotion of mercantilism in Europe by the authors like Athens and Delian League during 15th century by contributing special points of trade policies. They had also made special mention of the control of value of trade in bullion as necessary fro the advancement of Greek. They had also noted the competition of ‘Medieval Monarchs’ for the supremacy of the ‘market towns’ and of the trade of the...This paper offers a comprehensive analysis of mercantilism, as an economic system, that was dominant in Europe during the period from 15th to 18th centuries. Mercantilism is also assessed as an i mportant school of economic thought. It is a common knowledge, that all the theories of classical economics and later schools have got the theoretical roots of mercantilism. The mercantilists limited themselves to analyzing the process of circulation and thus failed to disclose the inner laws of the capitalist mode of production. Mercantilists identified capital with its money form in which it operates in the sphere of circulation and did not regard capital in the form it assumed in the production process. Mercantilism was progressive for its time, since it facilitated the development of the first big capitalist enterprises-manufactories- and encouraged the development of the productive forces and the victory of capitalism over feudalism. Classical economists criticized mercantilists by pointing out that even the successful implementation of mercantilist policies would ultimately lead to the oversupply of money and inflation, hence the imbalance of the economy. Though prominent criticism was that under mercantilism, government focused attention on the development of trade and the accumulation of money instead on the creation of an abundance of the ‘fruits of the earth’, which the physiocrats called , the real wealth of the nation lay, mercantilism was of immense importance as it was the beginning of an political economy.

Kwanzaa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Kwanzaa - Essay Example Umoja means unity (Ramirez, 2012). It mandates that every person that traces their descent from Africa must institute and maintain unity among themselves and a goodwill spirit as well. According to Ramirez (2012), it implies instituting family unity, unity across races in which each individual belongs, unity among the African American community and unity with Africa as a motherland. The purpose of this principle is to create a strong bond among the various entities, personalities and characters that share a common ancestral lineage. This is the second principle. It is a Swahili word, which translated means self-determination (Ramirez, 2012). Self-determination depicts the motivation in an individual to support intrinsic or natural tendencies that concerns with effective behavior and healthy mannerism. In this context, Kujichagulia principle indicates the importance of maintaining ones original identity as well as defining oneself and creating a special identity that relates to ones origin (Ramirez, 2012). It demands that the African Americans be proud of themselves and their origin, which ultimately enables them to communicate with sincere joy and pride. It also enables them institute effective interpersonal connection with other ethnicities, races and cultures. Ujima means collective duty and responsibilities (Ramirez, 2012). It directs the African community in working together to produce results that promote the greater welfare of the community. According to Ramirez (2012), it requires the African society to support one another in needy circumstances and in resolving social problems, that one or a few individual cannot address effectively. Ujamaa means cooperative economics (Ramirez, 2012). According to Ramirez (2012), this principle encourages African Americans to support local businesses in their respective communities and to accord preferences for local suppliers and

Egypt and Mesopotamia Comparison Essay Example for Free

Egypt and Mesopotamia Comparison Essay Egypt and Mesopotamia not only differed in their trade and culture, but also in their politics and form of government. Despite the differences though, one is able to notice several similarities between the two civilizations. First of all, Mesopotamia was ruled by kings and queens and nobles could usually attain power as they attained a higher economic status. In Egypt, it was the pharaohs who the authoritive power. In Mesopotamia, the state also had supreme power in the economy and agricultural affairs. Pharaohs were the supreme judges and law makers, as were kings in Mesopotamia. They did have advisors and religion influenced their policies, for example, religion in Egypt is the bureaucracy and actions as did in Mesopotamian civilizations. An example of how morals had an influence in the Mesopotamian laws and policies is Mesopotamian king Hammurabi’s Codes Laws on family relationships. In these codes relied heavily on the principle of lex talionis, or â€Å"the law of retaliation† basically meaning an eye for an eye. Egyptian law was based on truth, order, balance and justice in the universe. This concept allowed that everyone, with the exception of slaves, should be viewed as equals under the law. One can notice, however, that when Egyptians carried out punishment in their people, they would be relatively unfair. Both civilizations had politics centered around cities or populated areas. This is true because areas or centers that were more populated were more likely to support differences in ideologies, so there would tend to be more conflicts requiring a higher authorative power. The people of these two civilizations were pretty loyal to the policies, especially when they considered the consequences that they would face if they didn’t. For pharaohs in Egypt, their successors were usually their offspring and they carried the empire. In many Mesopotamians though, the kings that ruled didn’t necessarily have to be relatives of the previous kings, though they did take the ways of ruling of the previous kings to learn from them and make sure to be more efficient, as did the pharaohs.

Causes of Childcare Policies, Initiatives and Laws

Causes of Childcare Policies, Initiatives and Laws 1. Introduction Childhood, the ten memorable years that fall between infancy and the onset of adolescence probably constitutes the most exciting period of a normal human life. Most men and women have the fondest memories of their childhood years, replete with a million discoveries, of new smells, sights, sounds, touches, and other delightful experiences, of times of safety, comfort, and security. While this is possibly true of most children, in rich and poor societies alike, for many others the world is different; it is unfriendly, hostile, unwelcoming and extremely difficult. The worst affected are those who grow up in poverty and deprivation, or in environments of parental conflict, substance abuse, homelessness, and domestic violence. Very distressingly, childhood problems exist not only in underdeveloped and chronically poor societies, but also in ample measure in richer and advanced countries, like the UK, the USA, and other West European nations. Childhood is a time of phenomenal growth, in all areas of human development, physical, social, emotional, and intellectual. Growth and development of children involves the meeting of many diverse needs, in areas like nutrition, accommodation, regulated activity, health and medical care, cleanliness, hygiene, and sanitation, as well as in areas that involve emotional, social and intellectual growth. Thousands of children in the UK grow up in environments and surroundings that are inadequate, in greater or lesser degree, for proper development; inadequacies that are caused by factors like broken homes, divorced parents, single parenting, poverty, deprivation, domestic violence, substance abuse and child abuse. British society has always been concerned about the proper upbringing of its children and its role in the building of national character. The centuries old saying about the battle of Waterloo being won on the playing fields of Eton is a reminder of the preoccupation of the British with proper upbringing of their young. Recent years have seen increasing concern about improving conditions for the development of children, and have led to a number of governmental initiatives that aim to change the scope and ambit of public services committed to helping and improving this area. This essay aims to examine the origin and status of these initiatives, as well as their likely impact, both positive and negative in meeting the developmental needs of children. 2. Commentary Recent times have been ones of intense social change. The period that commenced after the closing of the Second World War has seen widespread social restructuring, caused by a multitude of factors like the splintering of families, the practice of children moving out of parental homes at relatively early ages, increasing divorce rates, sharp boosts in the numbers of working women, the greater incidence of single parenting, and the absence of grandparents in normal family life. These various reasons have quite often led to parents being inadequately informed, or even otherwise, being unable to satisfy the developmental needs of children. While inadequacies like these are common in normal families, they become far more complicated and result in great inequities upon children in environments involving poverty, deprivation, homelessness, substance abuse, domestic violence and child abuse. Increased immigration and the quiet and gradual formation of a multicultural, multiethnic, and multir eligious society have also led to the development of a number of social segments with different levels of affluence, education and ability. All these factors contribute to the challenges faced by society and government in providing all children with a level playing field and in satisfying their developmental needs. The British social structure has possessed, for many years, public infrastructure responsible for providing financial, physical, medical and scholastic support to children, more so for children from disturbed and difficult backgrounds, living in their natural domestic backgrounds, as well as in places like foster homes and institutions. Various governmental agencies like the department of health, the NHS, and local authorities, work with the help of paid and voluntary social workers to ensure assessment of needs and appropriate action. While the level and efficacy of the support provided to children had always been a source of concern in the past for most citizens, disturbed by occasional media reports of the unsatisfactory state of affairs, matters came to a head with the occurrence of two deaths, 13 year old Aliyah Ismail, in 1989, and 8 year old Victoria Climbie in 2000. Both Aliyah and Victoria, children of immigrants met horrific deaths, despite the full knowledge and involvemen t of social workers in their cases. Aliyah, in and out of several foster homes and institutions, died of a methadone overdose in a decrepit building in Camden Town, whereas Victoria Climbie died after receiving severe physical injuries from her aunt, who was then her carer, and her male companion. At the time of death, her body bore marks of more than 120 separate injuries. The resultant media uproar and several inquiries, commissioned by local bodies and the government, and conducted by eminent and qualified experts, laid the blame for the episodes upon the inadequate working of the social care infrastructure. Aliyah moved more than 60 times, between relatives, homes, and institutions, in the few years she was in care. (Brindle, 1999) The Blackburn report, commissioned by the Harrow local council, focussed on her distressing life, under the country’s programme for children in care, and largely indicted the functioning of the social care system. Victoria Climbie’s death caused even greater anguish and led to a number of investigations by Lord Laming at the specific instance of the government. The investigations and the ensuing report, which laid bare the functioning of the agencies involved in Victoria’s care, revealed that social workers were fully aware of Victoria’s condition and ignored twelve separate occasions to give h er protection and relief, led to widespread anguish, a national resolve to take better care of the country’s young, and finally to a number of initiatives aimed to ensure better care and development of children living in the UK. The key message running through the report is that individual failings, poor standards and ineffective systems are the consequence of a failure in leadership. Senior managers in all agencies, and elected members, are responsible, and thus accountable for this failure. Lord Laming refers to the principle failure to protect Victoria was as a result of widespread organisational malaise. (The Victoria Climbie Enquiry, 2003) While Lord Laming’s report catalysed governmental and public action in the last three years, the issue of addressing children’s needs adequately had first engaged lawmakers nearly twenty years back, when deliberations on the issue led to the enactment of The Children Act, 1989. The legislation, which came into effect in 1993 aimed to radically change the existing approach to meet the needs of children by (a) making children’s welfare a priority, (b) recognising that children grow up best in their families, whenever possible, (c) ensuring the duty of local authorities to provide services for children and families in need, (d) promoting partnership between children, parents, and local authorities, improving the way courts deal with children, and (e) protecting the rights of children. (Children Act 1989) Various child support initiatives owe their origins to the 1989 legislation. A further flurry of activity occurred after the publication of the Kennedy Report in 1989, and the Laming Report in 2003, on the deficiencies that existed in areas of health, education, and social support for all children, especially for those who live in difficult circumstances, either in their domestic environments, or with others. The publication of these reports, discussions in the media and various public forums, and governmental initiatives led to the preparation and publication of the Green Paper â€Å"Every Child Matters† in 2003, which outlined a new approach to the well being of children from birth to 19 and aimed to achieve 5 desired outcomes, namely (a) be healthy, (b) stay safe, (c) enjoy and achieve, (d) make a positive contribution and (e) achieve economic well being. (Every child matters: change for children, 2007) The enactment of The Children Act 2004 and initiatives in various areas aim to transform children’s services by increasing opportunities and reducing risk, as far as possible. The department of health, the department of education, the NHS, and local authorities will work in tandem to achieve this objective. All local authorities now need to work with partners, especially schools, and the NHS, to locate the needs of children and take appropriate action. A number of successive documents detail the approach required by these authorities. Three important initiatives expected to play important roles in the furtherance of child welfare objectives are the Children and Young People’s Plan (CYP), the Common Assessment Framework (CAF) and the National Services Framework (NSF) The NSF for children, published in September 2004, the first such effort in he world, determines standards for children’s health and social services for children, young people and pregnant women, as well as the coordination of these services with education. It is a key delivery mechanism of the â€Å"be healthy† outcome of the â€Å"Every Child Matters† programme and aims to bring about a fundamental change in these services by attempting ensure that their design and delivery focus on the ascertained needs of children and their families. The programme, scheduled to run for ten years, expects to achieve targeted standards for ensuring fair, high quality and integrated health and social care from pregnancy, right through to adulthood. (National Service Framework Documents, 2006) The standards are divided into three parts, part one focussing on services for children and young people, part two dealing with particular groups of children, and part three with maternity services. While full implementation could take upto ten years for implementation, the framework plans to increasingly assess the NHS and local authorities on the quality of their services and the progress achieved in meeting the standards. (National Service Framework Documents, 2006) Criticism of the National Service Framework has ranged from the use of exhaustive recording for surveillance purposes, to issues like over insitutionalisation and consequent dilution of medical care, and the impracticality of cooperative working on such large scales. The conceptualisation and implementation of the Common Assessment Framework (CAF is one of the distinguishing elements of the overarching â€Å"Every Child Matters† initiative. Truly ambitious in its scope, the CAF aims to enable all people working with children, young people and their families, to evaluate distinct needs of different children and families. Once the CAF is fully in use, children’s centres or schools will arrange for most assessments, and will thereby help in identifying children with additional needs before they become serious concerns. Situations that could possibly need the use of CAF include poor nutrition or ill health, substance misuse, anxiety or depression, problematic housing, poor attendance or exclusion from school, overt parental conflict, lack of parental support, disruptive or anti social behaviour, and involvement, or the risk of involvement, in offences. The CAF will obviously not be suitable for the majority of children who make normal p rogress through the universally available services. However, it could really help in identifying the needs of many troubled children at stages where corrective action and appropriate support could change future outcomes very positively. (Common Assessment Framework, 2007) The Children and Young People programme aims to reduce underachievement and improve life chances of children through a set of measures that include taking measures for extended schools, extended early years, looked after children and vulnerable young adults, youth, child protection and children with special needs and disabilities. The programme plans to further educational development and improve health, well being and social inclusion through integrated delivery of support and services. The extended schools concept forms the core of the CYP package by providing activities that essentially look after children for greater hours and effectively reduce the load on parents. Extended Schools will provide activities based on their particular circumstances and needs, but taken from a ‘menu’ which will include breakfast clubs, after-school study support and after-school youth, sport and leisure activities; programmes for parents and community use of schools. The focus will be on supporting learning, creativity and healthy lifestyles, including tackling obesity in children. (Children and Young People Funding Package, 2006) The chief criticisms of the CYP programme focus on the excessive local planning and decision-making, as well as political initiatives that revolve around doing things to young people rather than giving them, and when they are too young, their parents â€Å"the freedom, responsibility and tools to do things for themselves.† (Warpole, 2004) The importance of engaging young people more effectively to participate in all activities is thought to be important by many researchers. 3. Conclusion The UK is going through an epochal change in the development of its young. The planned changes, if successfully implemented, could well result in the creation of a much more competent, tolerant and well adjusted society. The enactment of the Children Bill of 2004, and the slew of initiatives, which apart from the discussed issues, also include the formation of Children’s Trusts, and the Sure Start programme, aim to take the benefits of health, housing, education, social and emotional support, to every child in the nation. Delivered through cooperative inter agency working and focussed on the needs of children and their families, the initiatives include precautionary measures to locate children with problematic needs that need to be addressed early enough in life. While the advantages of the initiatives are enormous, and painstakingly designed to help millions of children, the aim of delivering all these services, through state and local agencies, raises concerns that could wel l turn out to be important. State agencies are notorious for evolving into bureaucratic, system driven, and uncaring, irrespective institutions, of country, society or work ethic of the people. The UK has had its own unhappy experiences with state controlled corporations, as well as with the NHS. The idea of the state, albeit with a certain extent of private participation, taking over a major portion of the responsibility of bringing up children could be fraught with dangers that may arise out of improper and inadequate implementation. It needs remembering that the Aliyah Ismail and Victoria Climbie incidents happened not because of the absence of state support, but despite it. Excessive state control also leads to unnecessary documentation, possibilities of surveillance, and the need for a control and audit mechanism, all of which work against the main objectives of programmes under implementation. Now that the programmes are under way, the challenge will come in their implementation, and in ensuring that they meet their objectives. 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OBrien, M. (Eds.)., 2002, Children in the City: Home, Neighborhood, and Community. London: Routledge. Every child matters: Change for children, 2007, National literacy trust, retrieved April 30, 2007 from www.literacytrust.org.uk/socialinclusion/youngpeople/greenpaper.html Hallett, C. Prout, A. (Eds.). (2003). Hearing the Voices of Children: Social Policy for a New Century. New York: Routledge. Hocutt, A. M., Mckinney, J. D., Montague, M., 2002, The Impact of Managed Care on Efforts to Prevent Development of Serious Emotional Disburbance in Young Children. Journal of Disability Policy Studies, 13(1), 51+. Jacobs, J. E. Klaczynski, P. A. (Eds.)., 2005, The Development of Judgment and Decision Making in Children and Adolescents. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. National Service Framework for children, young people and maternity services, 2007, Department for health, Retrieved April 30, 2007 from www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/idcplg?IdcService=SS_GET_PAGEsiteId=enssTargetNodeId=566ssDoc Reeves, R., 2003, The Battle for Childhood: We All Love Children; Even Politicians Do. Yet We Are in Danger of Taking from Them Everything That Is Most Precious Freedom, Health and Happiness. New Statesman, 132, 18+. The Victoria Climbie Enquiry, 2003, Retrieved April 30, 2007 from www.victoria-climbie-inquiry.org.uk Warpole, K, 2005, play, participation and potential, groundwork, Retrieved April 30, 2007 from www.groundwork.org.uk/upload/publications/publication11.pdf